日本経済新聞　2007/12/24 　　　　米国　　EU

日米欧で燃費規制強化・技術総力戦

地球温暖化問題の深刻化を背景に2012年以降、日米欧で相次ぎ自動車の新しい燃費規制が導入される。現行規制より大幅に厳格な内容で、クリアできるかはメーカーにとって死活問題。世界の自動車大手は低燃費技術の開発を急ぐ一方で、独ダイムラーなどが従来の枠組みを超えた提携に動き始めた。規制強化が環境技術の総力戦を各社に迫り、業界再編を促す可能性が高まってきた。

　「来るべきものが来た」。日本自動車工業会の張富士夫会長（トヨタ自動車会長）は新規制の衝撃をこう表現する。欧州連合（ＥＵ）は新車の二酸化炭素（ＣＯ2）排出量を1キロメートル走行あたり130グラム以下に削減することを求めている。低燃費化で先行する日本車でもクリアするのはトヨタのハイブリッド車「プリウス」、ホンダの小型車「ジャズ（日本名フィット）」など数車種だけ。ハードルは極めて高い。

December 19, 2007 　New York Times　

New Energy Act gets green light

Known officially as the Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of 2007, it introduces the first increase in mileage standards since 1975, when mandates were first instituted.

It calls for ethanol production--both from corn and other sources, such as woodchips and switchgrass--to increase nearly fivefold over the next 15 years. And it sets higher standards for efficiency of lighting and household appliances, with a goal of phasing out incandescent bulbs 白熱電球 in 10 years.

What didn't make the legislation is notable as well. Tax incentives and utility mandates for renewable power generation were cut by the Senate under the threat of a White House veto.

Here's a look at the new law and how it could affect consumers and the energy industry.

What are the highlights in numbers?
・ The Corporate Average Fuel Economy, or CAFE, standards are increased to a fleet-wide average of 35 miles per gallon by 2020. Beginning with 2011 models, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration will increase the CAFE standard annually for cars and light trucks.

・ The mandate for U.S.-grown biofuels is 36 million gallons per year by 2022, with 20 billion coming from non-corn-based, or "advanced," biofuels. The requirement is 9 billion gallons for 2008 and 15.2 billion gallons in 2011, up from the current level of about 6 billion gallons. Ethanol is used primarily as an additive to gasoline.

・ The law calls for higher efficiency standards for consumer appliances, from lighting to home heating and cooling systems. There are also research and development funds earmarked for lighting efficiency, smart grid technologies, and advanced transportation and batteries.

What got cut?
The Senate stripped out an extension to an investment tax credit for renewable power generation from solar, wind, and biomass. Also taken out was a renewable portfolio standard that would have mandated that utilities get 15 percent of their power from renewable sources.

Representatives from the solar and wind industries said losing the investment tax credit will delay growth of the renewable energy industry. When Congress resumes next year, expect lobbyists to push for an extension to the tax investment incentives, which are set to conclude at the end of 2008.

The oil industry opposed the renewable energy provisions. That's because they would have been paid for by taking away existing tax incentives for oil companies, according to John Felmy, the chief economist for the American Petroleum Institute. If the tax package had gone through, consumers would have paid higher prices for transportation fuels, he argued.

How will the new law affect consumers?
There are provisions meant to protect consumers from price gouging of oil-based products sold at "unconscionably excessive prices" during a period of energy emergency declared by the president.

The efficiency standards and research should yield more energy-efficient appliances, lighting, and heating and cooling. Those changes will save consumers $400 billion through 2030, according to the law's sponsors. Dishwashers will have to cut water usage by 20 percent and clothes washers by 40 percent, saving consumers money.

But in the near term, the major facets of the law won't likely have immediate impact on average consumers. The fuel efficiency mandates for cars and trucks will start to be phased in over the coming years. And because those standards are measured fleetwide, there could be a wide range of fuel efficiency available from a given manufacturer, including cars and trucks with low gas mileage. Detractors argue that the higher CAFE standards will mean higher prices for cars and trucks. Efficiency advocates point out consumers already have options for buying fuel-efficient cars and trucks.

In theory, consumers also stand to benefit from research and development grants (if they are in fact funded) into solar, wind, geothermal, and other renewable sources. But these changes, like the efficiency mandates, could take years to make their way into commercial products.

How will the Energy Act impact the clean-tech industry?
The area of biofuels has been one of the most active in clean-tech investments over the past two years and the increased mandates pave the way for more. In particular, the act calls for increased production of cellulosic ethanol, made from agricultural wastes, grasses, or woodchips. Companies investing in cellulosic ethanol now have assurances that the demand will be there as they try to make advanced biofuels more cost-competitive with corn ethanol.

In a statement, Don Endres, the CEO of ethanol producer VeraSun Energy, said the biofuels targets provide the incentives for continued investment.

"The Renewable Fuels Standard underpins the growth of the industry by providing a clear and positive market signal for investment in new technologies, production, distribution, and storage infrastructure," Endres said in a statement.

Companies investing in energy-efficient lighting and home appliances also should benefit from the law, as there are higher standards and dollars allocated for research, although Congress still has to appropriate such funds.

Not surprisingly, the failure to pass the tax package that included incentives for renewable power generations was a major disappointment to investors in the field.

"While I do support the energy-efficiency provisions of the bill, the abdication of any responsibility for pushing the U.S. towards further adoption of renewable energy for power generation--in the face of compelling needs for economic development, enhanced energy security, and reduced carbon emissions that can be provided by renewable energy--is quite galling," wrote Richard Stuebi, an energy entrepreneur and consultant in a blog on Monday.

What other technologies might get a lift?
Transportation and energy storage technologies stand to receive research and development funding. That includes advanced materials to make lighter, more fuel-efficient vehicles as well as electric cars.

Other nascent technologies expected to receive funding include wave power and the capture and storage of greenhouse gas emissions.

Green building technologies are also favored with mandates to make government-owned buildings use efficient lighting. The Department of Energy building is set to be fitted for photovoltaic panels.

Now that this law is in place, will the U.S. remain "addicted to oil?"
Yes. The biofuels incentives are meant to reduce dependence on oil and increase energy security through domestic production. But even with the higher mandates, petroleum is not going away.

Even if the U.S. converted 100 percent of farmland to making cellulosic ethanol, it would produce 100 billion gallons a year, while the U.S. consumes 140 billion gallons per year for gasoline alone, according to Felmy from the American Petroleum Institute. "When I hear XYX politician say we're going to grow our way out of imports, they just don't know the facts. It's like a mantra," he said.

But the picture isn't all bad when it comes to biofuels and the environment. The legislation introduces a method of measuring greenhouse gas emissions over the lifecycle of production, according to said Nathanael Greene, senior policy analyst at the National Resources Defense Council.

"While additional safeguards are needed for biofuels (and all agriculture) to protect and preserve soil and water quality, the language in this bill takes a big step towards recognizing the broad range of impacts that biofuels can have if done carelessly," Greene wrote in his blog on Monday.

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2007/12/20　日本経済新聞

米環境保護局、カリフォルニア州の温暖化ガス規制案認めず

米環境保護局（ＥＰＡ）は19日、カリフォルニア州が認可を求めていた自動車に対する独自の温暖化ガス排出規制案を認めないことを決めた。カリフォルニアを含めた15以上の州は先月、最も先進的とされる同州の規制案を認可するようＥＰＡを連邦裁判所に提訴したばかりで、温暖化問題をめぐる連邦政府と各州の対立が強まりそうだ。

　ＥＰＡは同日、2020年までに自動車の燃費基準を平均で約4割改善することを義務づけた「エネルギー独立・安全保障法」がブッシュ大統領の署名で成立したことを挙げ、「全米で統一した燃費基準ができたことで温暖化ガスは削減される」と否認の理由を説明した。

　カリフォルニア州が導入を決めた規制は、16年までに新車からの温暖化ガス排出量を現状より3割削減するよう自動車メーカーに義務づける内容で、環境団体などは同州の規制案の方が温暖化対策により即効性があるとみている。(20日　23:32)

2007/12/18 日本経済新聞

自動車ＣＯ2削減、2012年までに20％・ＥＵ、違反メーカーに制裁金

欧州連合（ＥＵ）が日米欧などの自動車メーカーを対象に検討している二酸化炭素（ＣＯ2）排出規制の概要が明らかになった。2012年までに現行比で平均20％削減するとの数値目標を設定し、違反企業に制裁金を科す。自動車各社がＣＯ2排出枠を売買する業界内の排出権取引も認める。15年度が期限の日本の新燃費規制より厳格な内容で、新たな規制に対応できないメーカーは巨額の制裁金を科せられ、欧州での自動車販売は抜本的見直しを迫られる。

　ＥＵの欧州委員会は19日にも排出規制を盛り込んだ新法案を加盟国に提出する。ＣＯ2の排出規制はＥＵ市場で販売される新車の平均排出量が対象。12年を達成期限に業界全体で1キロメートル走行あたり130グラム（現行は163グラム）の数値目標を定めたうえで、各社に重量別に削減目標を割り当てる方針だ。排出量が多い高級車が主体のドイツの主張を入れ、車体の重量が大きい自動車の削減幅を緩和する。