2010/2/14 guardian.co.uk

Canada looks to China to exploit oil sands rejected by US
　　Canada courts Chinese investment in Alberta oil projects as US firms boycott tar sands fuel

Canada, faced with growing political pressure over the extraction of oil from its highly polluting tar sands, has begun courting China and other Asian countries to exploit the resource.

The move comes as American firms are turning away from tar sands because of its heavy carbon footprint and damage to the landscape.

Whole Foods, the high-end organic grocery chain, and retailer Bed Bath & Beyond last week both signed up to a campaign by ForestEthics to stop US firms using oil from Canadian tar sands. The Pentagon is also scaling down its use of tar sands oil to meet a 2007 law requiring the US government to source fuels with lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Whole Foods　テキサス州・オースティンを本拠とするグロサリー・ストアチェーン
Bed Bath & Beyond 　ボストン近郊にある生活雑貨店
ForestEthics　環境保護NPO　
　　　Our mission is to protect Endangered Forests and wild places, wildlife, and human well-being.

2007年4月、CO2排出規制義務付けの判決。地球温暖化抑止運動勢力がアメリカ政府に対して、温暖化抑止対策として温室効果ガスの排出規制の実施を求めた裁判で、アメリカ最高裁判所は連邦環境保護庁に対して地球温暖化の原因になるCO2などの温室効果ガスの規制を義務付ける判決をした。
2007/4/5　米連邦最高裁、温室効果ガス規制で政府に促す判決

Major oil companies such as Shell are also coming under shareholder pressure to pull out of the Canadian projects. Earlier this year, Shell announced it was scaling back its expansion plans for the tar sands after a revolt by shareholders. Producing oil from the Alberta tar sands causes up to five times more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional crude oil, according to the campaign group Greenpeace.

Jan. 26 (UPI) -- Plans to explore tar sands in Canada will be scaled back in order to focus on conventional oil and gas reserves, executives at Royal Dutch Shell said.

Peter Voser, the chief at Royal Dutch Shell, told The Financial Times in London that expansion in Canadian tar sands will be "much slower" than previous years.

His comments reflect not only a break in the strategy outlined by his predecessor, Jeroen van der Veer, but also a sign the British supermajor is optimistic about its conventional oil and gas reserves.

"Over the past two years and certainly over the past six to eight months, I've taken the pace out of (tar sands) because we have enough other growth opportunities," he said.

Voser said that the costs of exploiting tar sands in Canada's Alberta province made the region less attractive than conventional sources.

Other exploration and production companies expressed similar views, though ConocoPhillips and Total said last week they would continue to explore unconventional resources, the Times said.

Voser said his company would look to the Gulf of Mexico, Australia and Kazakhstan as sources of growth for 2012.

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BP is pushing ahead with plans to expand its interests in Canada's vast oil sands deposits in the face of growing opposition from some investors and environmental groups.

In the most significant deal to date, the Canadian government recently approved a C$1.9bn (£1.5bn) investment giving the Chinese state-owned oil company Petro-China a majority share in two projects. Prime minister Stephen Harper said: "Expect more Chinese investment in the resource and energy sectors … there will definitely be more." China's growing investment in the tar sands is seen in Canada as a useful counter to waning demand for tar sands oil from the US, its biggest customer. The moves, which have largely gone unnoticed outside north America, could add further tension to efforts to try to reach a global action plan on climate change.

Under the Canada Investment Review Act the federal government has the right to review and implement conditions for foreign transactions over $312 million.

The state department envoy, Todd Stern, on Tuesday accused China of being "a bit ambiguous" in its commitments to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Efforts to impose national carbon limits in the US have stalled in Congress, but a number of leading US firms are moving to reduce their carbon footprint by moving away from abandoning tar sands oil.

Canada is the biggest source of US oil imports, with 65% of tar sands production going to refineries in the midwest. "Companies have been hitting the pause button on projects," said Simon Dyer, of the Pembina Institute oil sands watch project.

But not China. PetroChina has taken a 60% stake in two new tar sands projects due to get under way in the MacKay River and Dover areas next year, with plans to produce up to 35,000 barrels a day by 2014, and eventually up to 500,000 a day.

China made its first investment in the tar sands in 2005, with state-owned China National Offshore Oil Corporation spending C$150m for a 17% stake in a startup MEG Energy Corp. Another Chinese state-owned firm, Sinopec, last year increased its interest in the Northern Lights oil project to 50%. China's National Petroleum Corp has also bought oil sands leases that it has not yet developed.

中国海洋石油は2005年4月に、カナダのオイルサンド開発企業・MEGエナジーの株式の16.69％を1億5千万カナダドルで買収した。

SINOPECは同年6月、カナダのアルバータ州ノーザンライツにおけるオイルサンド事業の権益の40％を1億5千万カナダドル（約130億円）で買収した。2009年に50%にアップ。

June 22, 2007

In a possible first step toward becoming a producer of Canadian crude, the Chinese National Petroleum Corp., China's largest oil company, revealed yesterday that it has acquired some land in Alberta, with the intention to eventually develop an oil sands project if possible.
CNPC, the largest of China's state-run oil companies, said it won 11 blocks in a Crown Land Lease sale held by the Alberta government in 2006, with the land being awarded to the company in early January 2007, said Zhang Xin, director-general of external affairs at CNPC.

The projects, which will begin coming on line over the next decade, are seen as crucial to a long term strategy of finding new sources of energy as China's economy continues to expand. "Right now I would characterise it as a token toehold," said Peter Tertzakian, chief energy economist at ARC Financial Corporation, an energy-focused private equity firm in Calgary, Alberta.

But he said the move by China could also represent the beginnings of a major shift in control of the tar sands. "Hitherto we were very accustomed to have western countries coming here, particularly American companies or companies from the UK, taking an interest in oil and gas companies and we were OK with that," he said. "From a continental energy security perspective of course, there is a little more hesitation when emerging powers come here, but the Canadian government has over the last year indicated more willingness to do business with China."

Japanese and South Korean companies have also begun moving in, opening up potential new markets for Canada at a time when forecasts show a fall in global demand for oil. India's Reliance Industries is also reportedly bidding on a project. The move by China has also crystalised increased concerns among conservationists and First Nation groups about a proposed 1,200 kilometre pipeline that would carry tar sands oil from northern Alberta, across British Columbia to oil tankers off the Pacific coast.