注　二つの別会社

１．Merck KGaA　(ドイツ） クリックして別紙へ
２．Merck & Co., Inc. (米）

Merck KGaAの起源は17世紀まで遡ります。1668年、ド イツのフランクフルトの南に位置するダルムシュタットに、フリ−ドリッヒ　ヤコブ　メルクがエンゼル薬局を創業したことに始まります。以来300有余年、メルクは医薬品会社として成長を続け、現在では 28カ国、62地域 に自社工場を展開するまでになりました。1827年、メルクはモルヒネ、その他アルカロイド類の製造に成功しました。1850年、メルクは全ヨ−ロ ッパに製品販売網を構築しました。

1891年ジョ−ジ　メルクが米国に Merck & Co.を設立しましたが、この会社は後日、米国政府に接収されて しまいます。　http://www.merck.co.jp/japan/

(注　第一次世界大戦で没収、1917年独立。
　　　Rohm and Haasがドイツ　Rohmeから独立したのと同じ）

以下　　Merck & Co., Inc. 　http://www.merck.com/

2005/11 米メルク、７０００人削減　リストラ発表

2008/10 米メルク、7200人削減　つくば研究所も閉鎖

2009/3 米メルク、シェリング・プラウを買収　

2009/12 Merck & Co., Inc. to Acquire Avecia Biologics

http://www.msd.com.hk/about_us/e_history_of_merck.html

The history of Merck & Co., Inc. can be traced back to Darmstadt, Germany, in 1668 when an apothecarty named Frederic Jacob Merck opened a chemical firm. In 1891, George Merck began to establish his roots in the United States and set up Merck & Co., Inc. in New York, U.S.A. Originally started off as a fine chemicals suppliers, Merck & Co., Inc began its pharmaceutical research in the early 1930's.

The merger with Sharp & Dohme to create Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) in 1953 established a solid foundation for a fully integrated, multi-national producer and distributor of pharmaceutical products. Merck & Co., Inc acquired Medco Containment Services, Inc. in 1993, the leading pharmacy benefits management company in the United States.

During the past six decades, Merck & Co., Inc. has built a global research organization that ranks among the best worldwide in terms of the calibre of its scientists and breakthrough medical research. Today, Merck & Co., Inc. has about 70,000 employees in 120 countries and 31 factories worldwide. Our products are sold in more than 200 countries.

日本経済新聞　2003/9/1

メルク　新薬開発で攻め　非医薬品部門を分離　研究に経営資源を集中

米医薬品業界の最優等生、メルクが攻めの経営に転じている。売上高の６割を占める非医薬品部門を切り離し、研究開発に経営資源を集中投入。株式買い増しを通じて万有製薬を研究開発戦略にがっちりと組み込んだ。ライバルの米ファイザーは巨額の買収を繰り返し拡大路線をひた走る。メルクはこれとはひと味違う手法で株式市場に向き合い始めた。

今年１月には１８００億円を投じて万有製薬への出資比率を５１％から１００％に引き上げると発表。

８月に入ると、医療保険請求などの事務処理・決済を代行するメドコ部門を分離した。
メドコは昨年７月、株式公開させて資金を調達する計画だったが、１年以上も延び延びになり、分離・独立に方針転換した。

ワーナー・ランバートやファルマシアを飲み込み短期間で基礎研究の成果を買うファイザーと、組織の肥大化を回避しながら基礎研究の生産性をさらに高めるメルクの戦略の違いは鮮明になった。

万有の基礎研究財産として活用　
　　　　　会長兼ＣＥＯギルマーティン氏に聞く

Aug. 20, 2003 - Merck & Co　　　　　　　　　　新規株式公開取り止め

Merck & Co., Inc. Completes Spin-Off Of Medco Health Solutions, Inc.
　　　　http://www.merck.com/newsroom/press_releases/corporate/2003_0820.html

Merck & Co., Inc. today announced that it has successfully completed the spin-off of 100 percent of the outstanding shares of Medco Health Solutions, Inc. common stock to Merck stockholders.

As previously announced, the spin-off is structured as a tax-free distribution to Merck stockholders for U.S. federal tax purposes, except to the extent cash is received in lieu of fractional shares.

---

April 22, 2003　Merck

Merck Announces Plans For A 100 Percent Spin-Off Of Medco Health Solutions, Inc.
　　　http://www.merck.com/newsroom/press_releases/corporate/2003_0422b.html

The Board of Directors of Merck & Co., Inc. today approved a 100 percent spin-off of Medco Health Solutions, Inc., Merck's wholly owned pharmacy benefits management (PBM) subsidiary, in a one-step transaction intended to be tax free to Merck and its shareholders.


"Last year, we announced our plans to establish Medco Health as a separate, publicly traded company.

In July 2002, Merck announced that, solely due to unfavorable market conditions, it was postponing its plans to establish Medco Health as a separate company through an initial public offering (IPO) followed by a spin-off of the remaining shares.

---

日本経済新聞　2002/7/7

メルク、疑惑の売上高計上・子会社、3年間で124億ドル

メルクはメドコの新規株式公開を計画している。

---

毎日新聞　2002/7/9

不正会計：米医薬品大手、メルクが売上高を水増し計上

日本経済新聞　2005/11/29 　　　　万有製薬、メルク社の事業再構築策の一環として一部組織を集約統合

米メルク、７０００人削減　リストラ発表

　米医薬品大手メルクは２８日、２００８年までに全従業員の１１%に相当する７千人の削減と、３１工場のうち５カ所を閉鎖・売却する大規模リストラを発表した。主力の高脂血症薬の特許が来年に切れるうえ、消炎鎮痛剤の副作用訴訟で多額の裁判費用と賠償金の発生が予想されるためコスト削減を徹底する。
　リチャード・クラーク最高経営責任者(CEO)が５月に就任して以降、初の大規模リストラになる。０６−１０年に税引き前で３５億-４０億ドルのコスト削減効果を見込んでいる。メルクはあわせて０５年通期の業績予想を当初の１株利益2.18-2.22ドル2.04-2.10ドルに引き下げた。

March 12, 2006 Schering Group

Schering AG comments on takeover approach
http://www.schering.de/scripts/en/50_media/2006/adhoc/Q1/060312_kommentar.php?n=mep

Schering AG, Germany confirmed today that it has been informed by Merck KGaA representatives during the weekend that Merck KGaA intends to make an all-cash offer for the shares of Schering AG at EUR 77 per share.

After the information about the approach became public, the Executive Board of Schering AG stated that this offer significantly undervalues Schering and its prospects as an independent specialized pharmaceutical company.

Schering also confirmed that the approach is unsolicited and that no negotiations are ongoing with Merck KGaA.

Schering AG is a research-based pharmaceutical company. Its activities are focused on four business areas: Gynecology & Andrology, Oncology, Diagnostic Imaging as well as Specialized Therapeutics for disabling diseases. As a global player with innovative products, Schering AG aims for leading positions in specialized markets worldwide. With in-house R&D and supported by an excellent global network of external partners, Schering AG is securing a promising product pipeline. Using new ideas, Schering AG aims to make a recognized contribution to medical progress and strives to improve the quality of life: making medicine work

日本経済新聞夕刊　2006/3/24

独医薬大手シェーリング　バイエルが買収合意
　2兆3000億円で　メルクより12%高く

　独医薬・化学大手のバイエルは２３日、医薬大手のシェーリングの買収で合意したと発表した。買収額は１６３億ユーロ(約２兆３千億円)で、事業統合によってドイツで最大手の医薬メーカーとなる。欧州では企業が国際競争やカネ余りを背景に相次いで大型買収に乗り出しており、医薬業界でも再編機運が再び盛り上がってきた。
　同じ医薬大手の独メルクは先にシェーリングに買収を提案し、「敵対的」と拒否された経緯がある。今後のメルクの出方によって買収合戦になる可能性も残る。

　買収後、両社は医薬事業を統合する。シェーリングの本社があるベルリンに新会社「バイエル・シェーリング・ファーマ」を設立。売上高は９０億ユーロを超え、独首位のべーリンガーインゲルハイムを上回る見通し。

2006/6/14 Merck

Merck KGaA to Sell Its Schering Shares to Bayer AG

Value of the transaction EUR 3.7 billion
Cooperations to be considered

Merck KGaA told Bayer AG today that it will sell its 21.4% (21.8% according to SEC calculations) stake in Schering AG to Bayer AG. This was agreed upon today during a discussion between Werner Wenning, Bayer’s Chief Executive, and Dr. Michael Roemer, chairman of the Merck KGaA Executive Board.

Merck will sale its total Schering stake ? 41,529, 770 shares ? at a price of EUR 89 per share. The total value of the transaction is EUR 3.7 billion.

---

2006/6/14 Bayer

Merck offers Bayer its stake in Schering

・Successful acquisition of Schering by Bayer now much more likely
・Wenning: “All three companies concerned will benefit from this step”
・Suit filed against Merck to be withdrawn



The future company “Bayer Schering Pharma” will strengthen Germany’s role as a pharmaceutical industry location. This is in the interests of the entire sector. Bayer and Merck therefore agreed during their talks to look into further possible opportunities for cooperation between the two companies.
Bayer will withdraw the suit filed against Merck in New York on Tuesday.

---

2006/7/12 Bayer

Takeover offer completed
Bayer controls 92.4 percent of outstanding Schering shares
Goal remains to wholly acquire the Berlin pharmaceuticals company
http://www.news.bayer.com/BayNews/BayNews.nsf/id/5D0F80B448DB4A44C12571A900174BEF

2008/10/23　日本経済新聞夕刊　

米メルク、7200人削減　管理職25%など　つくば研究所も閉鎖

　米製薬大手メルクは２２日、２０１１年末までに全世界の従業員の１２%に当たる7200人を削減すると発表した。研究開発体制の見直しに伴い、日本では傘下の万有製薬に所属するつくば研究所(茨城県つくば市)を０９年末までに閉鎖する。主力製品の販売がふるわないため、経費削減を拡大する。
　

2008/10/22 Merck

Global Restructuring Efforts
Merck remains confident in the progress it is making in creating a new business model that is more customer-centric, more agile and has a variable cost structure that enables investment in key growth areas such as research and development and new products and markets.

The restructuring effort will involve all areas of the Company.  For example, Merck will accelerate the rollout of a new, more customer-centric selling model designed to provide Merck with a meaningful competitive advantage and help physicians, patients and payers, improve patient outcomes.  The Company also will make greater use of outside technology resources, centralize common sales and marketing activities, and consolidate and streamline its operations.  Merck's manufacturing division will further focus its capabilities on core products and outsource non-core manufacturing.  In addition, Merck is enhancing its research operations to expand access to worldwide external science and incorporate it as a key component of the Company's pipeline, and ensure a more sustainable pipeline by translating basic research productivity into late-stage clinical success.  As a result, basic research operations will be organized to consolidate work in support of a given therapeutic area into one of four locations. This will provide a more efficient use of research facilities and result in the closure of three basic research sites in Tsukuba, Japan; Pomezia, Italy; and Seattle by the end of 2009. 

2009/3/10　日本経済新聞 　　　　　　　　　　　　Merck KGaA vs Schering AG シェリング・プラウ　米メルクが買収　4兆円、製薬世界4位に 　米製薬大手メルクは9日、米同業シェリング・プラウを買収すると発表した。買収総額は411億ドル(約4兆円)。 　2008年の売上高合計は424億ドル(医薬品以外を含む)。医薬品売上高では世界8位から4位に浮上する。両社はすでに生活習慣病の治療薬で協力しており、この共同出資会社分を含めると、米ファイザーに次ぐ世界2位となる。 ZETIA and VYTORIN are currently sold through Merck's and Schering-Plough's joint venture, Merck/Schering-Plough Pharmaceuticals. 　統合で誕生する新会社の名称はメルク。最高経営責任者(CEO)にはメルクのリチャード・クラークCEOが就任する。買収は株式交換と現金の組み合わせで行い、シェリング株主はシェリング株1株につきメルク株0.5767株と10.5ドルを受け取る。拠点の統廃合など合理化を加速。2011年をめどに年35億ドルの経費削減効果を引き出す。 医薬品売上高ランキング 順 位 社名 売上高　 1 米ファイザー+ワイス (1月買収発表) 630 　 メルク+シェリング（共同出資会社を含む）　 427 2 仏サノフィ・アベンティス　 413 3 英グラクソ・スミスクライン　 384 4 スイス・ロシュ 345 5 　 スイス・ノバルティス 326 (注)07年実績、単位億ドル、ユート・ブレーン調べ March  9, 2009 Merck　 Merck and Schering-Plough to merge

Combined company positioned for sustainable growth through scientific innovation and a stronger, more diversified product portfolio Powerful Joint R&D Pipeline with Strong Candidates in All Development Phases Doubles the Number of Late-Stage Compounds to 18 Broader Product Portfolio in Critical Therapeutic Areas Expanded Global Presence Including High-Growth Emerging Markets Expected to be Significantly Accretive, Increase Efficiencies and Result in Cost Savings of Approximately $3.5 Billion Annually Merck Committed to Maintain Current Dividend

Merck & Co., Inc. and Schering-Plough Corporation today announced that their Boards of Directors have unanimously approved a definitive merger agreement under which Merck and Schering-Plough will combine, under the name Merck, in a stock and cash transaction.  Under the terms of the agreement, Schering-Plough shareholders will receive 0.5767 shares and $10.50 in cash for each share of Schering-Plough.  Each Merck share will automatically become a share of the combined company.  Merck Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer Richard T. Clark will lead the combined company. Based on the closing price of Merck stock on March 6, 2009, the consideration to be received by Schering-Plough shareholders is valued at $23.61 per share, or $41.1 billion in the aggregate.  This price represents a premium to Schering-Plough shareholders of approximately 34 percent based on the closing price of Schering-Plough stock on March 6, 2009.  The consideration also represents a premium of approximately 44 percent based on the average closing price of the two stocks over the last 30 trading days.

Dec. 17, 2009

Merck & Co., Inc. to Acquire Avecia Biologics

Merck & Co. Inc., (operating in the United Kingdom as MSD) and Avecia Investments Limited today announced that they have entered into a definitive agreement by which Merck will acquire the biologics business of the Avecia group through a Merck affiliate (Merck Sharp & Dohme (Holdings) Limited or "MSD"). Avecia Biologics is a contract manufacturing organization with specific expertise in microbial-derived biologics. Financial details of the transaction were not disclosed.

"At Merck we continue to execute on our strategy of expanding our biopharmaceutical expertise and manufacturing capacity," said John T McCubbins, senior vice president, Biologics and Therapeutic Protein Operations, Merck Manufacturing Division. "This transaction follows an initial strategic development and supply relationship with Avecia Biologics and will provide us with an operational facility staffed by an experienced workforce that is highly skilled in a broad portfolio of bioprocess systems."

Under the terms of the agreement, Merck will acquire Avecia Biologics Limited and all its assets, including all the company's process development and scale-up, manufacturing, quality and business support operations located in Billingham, UK. In addition to honoring all Avecia Biologics contractual commitments, Merck plans to engage in discussions with individual customers relating to their specific ongoing and future biological process development and manufacturing needs after the transaction is closed.

"Over the past ten years, Avecia Biologics has built and established an enviable reputation for bioprocess development and timely delivery of quality biopharmaceutical ingredients for our customers," said Steve Bagshaw, president, Avecia Biologics. “This acquisition recognizes these successes and now provides the exciting opportunity to focus on advancing Merck's broad early and mid-stage portfolio of biologic candidates."

Closing of the transaction is subject to regulatory approval, as well as other customary closing conditions. The Oligomedicines Business of the Avecia group based in the United States does not form part of this transaction.

About Avecia
Avecia is a privately owned biotechnology group providing contract development and manufacturing services in the fields of microbial-derived biopharmaceuticals and oligonucleotide medicines. The group’s Biologics Business, based at Billingham in the north east of the UK has been developing processes and making protein-based biologics to cGMP since 1998. Products currently being worked on include medicines targeted at forms of cancer, heart disease and stroke. In Milford, MA, the group’s OligoMedicines business carries out process development and manufacture of oligonucleotide therapeutics by sequential solid state synthesis to produce pharmaceuticals comprised of short strands of DNA or RNA. For more information visit www.avecia.com.

December 8, 2014

Merck to Acquire Cubist Pharmaceuticals for $102 Per Share in Cash
    Acquisition Augments Merck’s Strong Foundation and Opportunity for Growth in Hospital Acute Care Market


Merck, known as MSD outside the United States and Canada, and Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. today announced that the companies have entered into a definitive agreement under which Merck will acquire Cubist for $102 per share in cash, which represents a 35 percent premium to Cubist’s average stock price for the most recent five trading days.
Unanimously approved by the boards of directors of both companies, the transaction has an equity valuation of $8.4 billion and will also include $1.1 billion in net debt (based on projected cash balances) and other considerations for a total transaction value of approximately $9.5 billion.

“Cubist is a global leader in antibiotics and has built a strong portfolio of both marketed and late-stage pipeline medicines,” said Kenneth C. Frazier, chairman and chief executive officer, Merck. “Combining this expertise with Merck’s strong capabilities and global reach will enable us to create a stronger position in hospital acute care while addressing critical areas of unmet medical need, such as antibiotic resistance.”
“Combining with Merck is an exciting opportunity to accelerate Cubist’s established leadership in antibiotics and deliver significant, certain and immediate value to shareholders,” said Michael Bonney, chief executive officer, Cubist. “We have a deep respect for Merck, and it is clear that they share our commitment to addressing the growing, global problem we are facing in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Under Merck’s robust commercial platform, global reach and scientific expertise, we believe Cubist's programs can thrive. We’re proud of the company that our team has built and are confident that Cubist's important mission and focus on significant unmet medical needs will continue.”

For more than 20 years, Cubist has been committed to global public health through the discovery, development and supply of antibiotics to treat serious and potentially life-threatening infections caused by a broad range of increasingly drug-resistant bacteria.

Cubist’s antibiotic CUBICIN®, the only approved once-a-day therapy for both S. aureus bacteremia and complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI), has been used to treat more than two million patients and continues to be an important therapy in the acute care environment.

Cubist’s in-line and late-stage pipeline of anti-infective medicines, including ZERBAXA™ which is pending approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, will enhance Merck’s hospital acute care business in a variety of therapeutic areas, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative multi-drug resistant infections.

The acquisition of Cubist creates strong fundamental value with return on capital in excess of Merck's hurdle rate within a few years of closing. Merck expects the acquisition to add more than $1 billion of revenue to its 2015 base. While the transaction will be neutral to non-GAAP EPS in 2015, Merck expects it to be significantly accretive to non-GAAP EPS in 2016 and beyond. The acquisition will be accretive to both Merck’s sales and earnings growth.

Cubist complements Merck’s strategy and the global initiative Merck launched last year, particularly in the area of sharpening its commercial focus on key therapeutic areas that have the potential to deliver the greatest return on investment. With the company’s long-standing leadership in anti-infectives as well as its customer-focused operating model, Merck identified the hospital acute care segment as one of the company’s key priority areas in which it believes it can have the greatest impact in addressing significant unmet medical needs while delivering the greatest value to customers and society.
Merck strategically focused on acute care within the larger hospital setting as a top priority because of the significant unmet need and the unique opportunities for Merck to improve patient care and manage costs in this setting with its in-line portfolio, promising pipeline and its customer capabilities.
Hospitals are a central hub for healthcare delivery around the world and currently represent 25 percent of overall healthcare spend. Merck believes now is an optimal time to significantly grow its hospital acute care presence because of the positive regulatory and reimbursement trends in the hospital setting and the increasingly important role that hospitals are expected to provide in healthcare overall.
For the first three quarters of 2014 compared to 2013, Merck’s hospital acute care portfolio grew by more than 10 percent, excluding the impact of foreign exchange. Key products in Merck’s hospital acute care portfolio include several antibiotics and antifungals, as well as BRIDION® (sugammadex), which is marketed outside the United States and is currently under regulatory review in the United States. In addition, Merck has continued to invest in its hospital acute care pipeline and has several candidates, including actoxumab/bezlotoxumab (MK-3415A), an investigational combination of therapeutic antibodies targeting two C.difficile pathogenic toxins (A and B), which is being evaluated in clinical trials for the prevention of recurrence of C.difficile infection; and relebactam (MK-7655), an investigational class A and C beta-lactamase inhibitor being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of severe bacterial infections.
Under the terms of the agreement, Merck, through a subsidiary, will initiate a tender offer to acquire all outstanding shares of Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The closing of the tender offer will be subject to certain conditions, including the tender of shares representing at least a majority of the total number of Cubist’s outstanding shares (assuming the exercise of all options), the expiration of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act and other customary conditions. Upon the completion of the tender offer, Merck will acquire all remaining shares through a second-step merger without the need for a stockholder vote under Delaware law. The companies expect the transaction to close in the first quarter of 2015.

キュービストは薬物耐性菌の治療薬として４つの新薬を2020年までに投入する方針。耐性菌の脅威が高まっているため公衆衛生当局は企業に新しい抗生物質への投資を促している。医薬品メーカーはがんやＣ型肝炎など収益性の高い治療薬に注力するため、こうした分野にあまり力を入れてこなかった。　　

メルクのケン・フレイザー最高経営責任者（ＣＥＯ）はかねて、自社の治療薬を補完できる分野で中小企業の買収を目指していると述べている。今年７月のブルームバーグとのインタビューでは、大手企業の買収は「非常に時間がかかり、新薬への投資という当社の方針にとって妨げとなる」として関心がないことを明らかにしていた。

----